The authors discuss the tension between inheritance and encapsulation at length and state that in their experience, designers overuse inheritance (Gang of Four 1995:20). Other objects) as black-box reuse because no internal details of composed objects need be visible in the code using them. In contrast, the authors refer to object composition (in which objects with well-defined interfaces are used dynamically at runtime by objects obtaining references to White-box referring to visibility, because the internals of parent classes are often visible to subclasses. The authors refer to inheritance as white-box reuse, with ![]() Use of an interface also leads to dynamic binding and polymorphism, which are central features of object-oriented programming. clients remain unaware of the classes that implement these objects clients only know about the abstract class(es) defining the interface.clients remain unaware of the specific types of objects they use, as long as the object adheres to the interface.The authors claim the following as advantages of interfaces over implementation: Composition over inheritance: "Favor ' object composition' over ' class inheritance'." (Gang of Four 1995:20)."Program to an interface, not an implementation." (Gang of Four 1995:18).( October 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Ĭhapter 1 is a discussion of object-oriented design techniques, based on the authors' experience, which they believe would lead to good object-oriented software design, including: Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. As of March 2012, the book was in its 40th printing. In 2005 the ACM SIGPLAN awarded that year's Programming Languages Achievement Award to the authors, in recognition of the impact of their work "on programming practice and programming language design". The book was first made available to the public at the OOPSLA meeting held in Portland, Oregon, in October 1994. The original publication date of the book was Octowith a 1995 copyright, hence it is often cited with a 1995-year, despite being published in 1994. They were later joined by Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides. The book started at a birds of a feather (BoF) session at OOPSLA '90, "Towards an Architecture Handbook", run by Bruce Anderson, where Erich Gamma and Richard Helm met and discovered their common interest. The authors are often referred to as the Gang of Four ( GoF). More than 500,000 copies have been sold in English and in 13 other languages. It has been influential to the field of software engineering and is regarded as an important source for object-oriented design theory and practice. The book includes examples in C++ and Smalltalk. The book is divided into two parts, with the first two chapters exploring the capabilities and pitfalls of object-oriented programming, and the remaining chapters describing 23 classic software design patterns. The book was written by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides, with a foreword by Grady Booch. ![]() Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software (1994) is a software engineering book describing software design patterns.
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